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About Electronics



Electronics is the study of the flow of charge through various materials and devices such as, [semiconductor]s, [resistor]s, [inductor]s, [capacitor]s, nano-structures, and [thermionic valves]. All applications of electronics involve the transmission of [Electric power] and possibly [information]. Although considered to be a theoretical branch of [physics], the design and construction of [electronic circuit]s to solve practical problems is an essential technique in the fields of [electronics engineering] and [computer engineering].

The study of new semiconductor devices and surrounding technology is sometimes considered a branch of [physics]. This article focuses on [engineering] aspects of electronics. Other important topics include [electronic waste] and occupational health impacts of semiconductor manufacturing.

Overview of electronic systems and circuits checking a prototypeElectronic systems are used to perform a wide variety of tasks. The main uses of electronic circuits are:
  • The controlling and processing of [data].
  • The conversion to/from and distribution of [electric power].


  • Both these applications involve the creation and/or detection of [electromagnetic field]s and [electric current]s. While [electrical energy] had been used for some time prior to the late [19th century] to transmit data over [Telegraphy] and [telephone] lines, development in electronics grew exponentially after the advent of [radio].

    One way of looking at an electronic system is to divide it into 3 parts:

    • [Input]s – Electronic or [Mechanics] [sensor]s (or [transducer]s). These devices take [Signal (electrical engineering)]/information from external sources in the physical world (such as [Antenna (radio)] or technology [Computer networking]) and convert those signals/information into [electric current]/[voltage] or [digital] (high/low) signals within the system.


    • [Signal processing] – These circuits serve to manipulate, interpret and transform inputted signals in order to make them useful for a desired application. Recently, complex signal processing has been accomplished with the use of [Digital signal processor].


    • [Output]s – [Actuator]s or other devices (such as transducers) that transform current/voltage signals back into useful physical form (e.g., by accomplishing a physical task such as rotating an [electric motor]).


    For example, a [television] set contains these 3 parts. The television's input transforms a broadcast signal (received by an antenna or fed in through a cable) into a current/voltage signal that can be used by the device. Signal processing circuits inside the television extract information from this signal that dictates [brightness], [colour] and [sound] level. Output devices then convert this information back into physical form. A [cathode ray tube] transforms electronic signals into a visible [image] on the screen. Magnet-driven [loudspeaker]s convert signals into audible sound.

    Electronic devices and components An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system whose intention is to affect the electrons or their associated fields in a desired manner consistent with the intended function of the electronic system. Components are generally intended to be in mutual electromechanical contact, usually by being [soldering] to a [printed circuit board] (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be packaged singly or in more or less complex groups as integrated circuits.

    Types of circuits Analog circuits Most [analog signal] electronic appliances, such as [radio] receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits.The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a 'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing thousands of components.

    Analog circuits are sometimes called [linear circuit]s although many non-linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators.

    Some analog circuitry these days may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve upon the basic performance of the circuit. This type of circuit is usually called "mixed signal."

    Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but puts out only one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled [switch] having essentially two levels of output.

    Digital circuits Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits.In most cases the number of different states of a node is two, represented by two voltage levels labeled "Low" and "High". Often "Low" will be near zero volts and "High" will be at a higher level depending on the supply voltage in use.

    [Computer]s, electronic [quartz clock]s, and [programmable logic controller]s (used to control industrial processes) are constructed of [digital] circuits. [Digital Signal Processor]s are another example.

    Building-blocks:
    • [Logic gate]s
    • [Adder (electronics)]s
    • [Binary multiplier]s
    • [Flip-flop (electronics)]s
    • [Counter]s
    • [Processor register]s
    • [Multiplexer]s
    • [Schmitt trigger]s


    Highly integrated devices:
    • [Microprocessor]s
    • [Microcontroller]s
    • [Application-specific integrated circuit](ASIC)
    • [Digital signal processor] (DSP)
    • [Field-programmable gate array] (FPGA)


    Mixed-signal circuits Mixed-signal circuits refers to integrated circuits (ICs) which have both analog circuits and digital circuits combined on a single semiconductor die or on the same circuit board.[Mixed-signal integrated circuit]s are becoming increasingly common. Mixed circuits are usually used to control an [analogue electronics] device using digital logic, for example the speed of a motor.[Analog to digital converter]s and [digital to analog converter]s are the primary examples. Other examples are [transmission gate]s and buffers.

    Heat dissipation and thermal management Heat generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability. Techniques for heat dissipation can include [heatsink]s and [fan (mechanical)] for air cooling, and other forms of [computer cooling] such as [water cooling]. These techniques use [convection], [Heat conduction], & [radiation] of heat energy.

    Noise Noise is associated with all electronic circuits. Noise is definedIEEE Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms ISBN-13: 978-0471428060 as unwanted disturbances superposed on a useful signal that tend to obscure its information content. Noise is not the same as signal distortion caused by a circuit.

    Electronics theory Mathematical methods are integral to the study of electronics. To become proficient in electronics it is also necessary to become proficient in the mathematics of circuit analysis.

    Circuit analysis is the study of methods of solving generally linear systems for unknown variables such as the voltage at a certain [Node (circuits)] or the current though a certain [Path (graph theory)] of a [Graph (mathematics)]. A common analytical tool for this is the [SPICE] circuit simulator.

    Also important to electronics is the study and understanding of [electromagnetic field] theory.

    Electronic test equipment Electronic test equipment is used to create stimulus signals and capture responses from electronic [Devices Under Test] (DUTs).In this way, the proper operation of the DUT can be proven or faults in the device can be traced and repaired.

    Practical electronics engineering and assembly requires the use of many different kinds of electronic test equipment ranging from the very simple and inexpensive (such as a test light consisting of just a light bulb and a test lead) to extremely complex and sophisticated such as Automatic Test Equipment.

    Computer aided design (CAD) Today's electronics engineers have the ability to [Circuit design] [Electronic circuit]s using premanufactured building blocks such as [power supply], [semiconductor]s (such as [transistor]s), and [integrated circuit]s. [Electronic design automation] software programs include [schematic capture] programs and [pcb design] programs. Popular names in the EDA software world are [NI Multisim], Cadence ([ORCAD]), Eagle PCB and Schematic, Mentor (PADS PCB and LOGIC Schematic), Altium (Protel), LabCentre Electronics (Proteus) and many others.

    Construction methods Many different methods of connecting components have been used over the years. For instance, in the beginning [Point-to-point construction] with components attached to wooden breadboards were used to construct circuits. [Printed circuit board#.22Cordwood.22 construction] and [wire wrap]s were other methods used. Most modern day electronics now use [printed circuit board]s (made of [FR4]), and highly [integrated circuit]s. Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have gained increased attention in recent years, especially for products destined to the European Union, with its [Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive] (RoHS) and [Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive] (WEEE), which went into force in July 2006.

    Electronics industry
    • [Semiconductor sales leaders by year]


    Branch pages
    • [Digital electronics]
    • [Analogue electronics]
    • [Microelectronics]
    • [Fuzzy electronics]
    • [Circuit Design]
    • [Integrated circuit]
    • [Optoelectronics]
    • [Semiconductor]
    • [Semiconductor device]


    See also
    • [Circuit diagram]
    • [Computer engineering]
    • [Datasheet]
    • [E-waste]
    • [Electrical engineering]
    • [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers] - the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
    • [Mechatronics]
    • [Signal theory]
    • [Analog signal processing]
    • [Digital signal processing]
    • [Transducer]
    • [List of 4000 series integrated circuits]
    • [List of 7400 series integrated circuits]


    External links
    • Navy 1998 Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS)
    • DOE 1998 Electrical Science, Fundamentals Handbook, 4 vols.
      • Vol. 1, Basic Electrical Theory, Basic DC Theory
      • Vol. 2, DC Circuits, Batteries, Generators, Motors
      • Vol. 3, Basic AC Theory, Basic AC Reactive Components, Basic AC Power, Basic AC Generators
      • Vol. 4, AC Motors, Transformers, Test Instruments & Measuring Devices, Electrical Distribution Systems
    • Free Electronics and Electrical Books
    • Electronics Manufacturers Directory
    • Embedded Electronics
    • Electronics related books and projects
    • Lessons in Electric Circuits - A free series of textbooks on the subjects of electricity and electronics.
    • All About Circuits - Free illustrated on-line ebook and tutorials
    • Hobby electronic projects encapsulation ideas
    • Electronic projects for engineering diploma final year students ideas


    Information Reference: Wikipedia.org


    Electronics

    Questions and Answers

    electronics?

    Q) types of signal (radio wise)

    A) Electromagnetic. Electrostatic. No other type.

    I privately sell electronics. I wish to set up this up as a small business. How do I set up my own business?

    Q) I privatley sell electronics such as mobile phones, PSP's, mp3 players etc. I wish to set up my own business. I want to for example set up my own private website by which customers can use, as an alternative to eBay. How do i go about setting up my own business, given that I am the only employed person, and that I run the business from my own flat (electronics are delivered from supplier to my flat, and i deliver the electronics to buyers accordingly) Basically i wish to create my own business e.g. "Elite Electronics" something like that, and i want it to be a small registered private business so that I can be recognised with people and things such as banks/loan companies. Does anyone know the procedure to do this and the costs involved? Many Thanks :-) (I am also 21 years of age, with no bad credit history, or anything like that against my name). I am in the UK...

    A) Yes, I hope this will help you. First you have to get your business name register with your city or county clerks office.DBA "doing business as" Then get a business tax ID from the IRS, also check with your state to see if there is any state tax due. As a business you might have to file a quartely sales tax. This is the easiest way , you'll be the solo owner and operater of your business, but you will also be responsable for any expenses for the business personally. Unless you incorporate with your state. Its a little different process but its not hard at all. With this documents from the country clerks office, tax ID # you can open a bank account in your business name. Thats it! May I ask where you buy your equipment, I have been looking to do something similar. Thanks good luck. If you have any other question just let me know. O

    electronics: truth table and "sum-of-minterms" Boolean form???

    Q) i a mother of 2 children. i am a housewife. in my free time, i like to read and do digital electronics works. i have a library book here. i am very interested in the problem that is given to me here. the problem is about designing the electronics necessary to sequence a set of traffic lights. the actual timings are to be as follows: Y = 1: 5 seconds R = 1: 20 seconds R and Y = 1: 5 seconds G = 1: 10 seconds etc Question 1: I would like to ask you kindly, how do i draw a truth table for this problem? Question 2: using the truth table how do i write the logic statements for R, Y and G in "sum-of-minterms" Boolean form. I thank you for your time. thanks

    A) I will try to answer your Question See You dont need to design a full Truth table and K-Maps for each an every problem i will illustrate my saying here see you had given some timings like 1.5,1.2,1.5 and 1.1 secs so what you need to do is to first of all find a common diviser ro all these values So lets take the simplest divisor that is 0.1sec So what you need is a clock running at 0.1 sec ie 1/0.1 = 10Hz frequency Then to achieve all these values what you need to do is 1.5 + 1.2 +1.5 +1.1 = 5.3 sec so 5.3/0.1 = 53 So you need a counter which can 0-52 So Know you have to use K-Maps and Truth tables to generate a simple counter of MOD-53 ans then for count 0-14 Glow Y 15-26 Glow R 27-41 Glow Rand Y 42- 52 Glow G I think you would have got thje solution by now

    Electronics: truth table and "sum-of-minterms" Boolean form???

    Q) i a mother of 2 children. i am a housewife. in my free time, i like to read and do digital electronics works. i have a library book here. i am very interested in the problem that is given to me here. the problem is about designing the electronics necessary to sequence a set of traffic lights. the actual timings are to be as follows: Y = 1: 5 seconds R = 1: 20 seconds R and Y = 1: 5 seconds G = 1: 10 seconds etc Question 1: I would like to ask you kindly, how do i draw a truth table for this problem? Question 2: using the truth table how do i write the logic statements for R, Y and G in "sum-of-minterms" Boolean form. I thank you for your time.

    A) If you count it all up, the time elapsed is 40 secs, with a minimum of 5 secs. Conveniently (for us) thats 8 lots of 5 secs. If you use A B & C as your inputs and R Y & G for the outputs, your truth table is then A B C . . R Y G 0 0 0 . . 0 1 0 . 'Yellow for 5 seconds 0 0 1 . . 1 0 0 . 'Red for 5 0 1 0 . . 1 0 0 . 'Red for another 5 0 1 1 . . 1 0 0 . 'And another 5 1 0 0 . . 1 0 0 . 'And a final 5 to make it 20 1 0 1 . . 1 1 0 . 'Red and Yellow for 5 1 1 0 . . 0 0 1 . 'Green for 5 1 1 1 . . 0 0 1 . 'Green for another 5 to make it 10 I cant think of a good way of typing NOT A which you would normally denote as A with a bar over it, so will use A for A (as you would expect) and a for NOT A, etc So Abc is how I will write A AND NOT B AND NOT C. I hope that makes sense. So if we go down the R column, you get R=abC + aBc + aBC + Abc + AbC Similarly Y= abc + AbC And finally G= ABc + ABC

    electronics stores in germany?

    Q) do u know any electronics stores in germany??? or how can i find any on the web??

    A) Saturn has huge discounts and so does www.ebay.de. http://www.saturn.de/frontend/routenplaner/index.cfm?sub_navi=route&myoutlet=204 Where exactly in Germany would you like to find the store or what kind of electronics are you looking for? I might be able to help you.

    what electronics will work in the USA (they were bought in the UK) - PC, hoover, stereo?

    Q) I'm moving to the USA and want to know which electronics will work there.

    A) "BACK_MAN" is correct. All electrical items in the UK run on voltage from 220-240. All American electrical stuff runs from 110v-120v. With a voltage converter, they should work fine. "lala" has a good point, too. It's much easier to get new stuff than to mess around with power converters - unless it happens to be very high quality. Your PC, however, already has a voltage converter - the power supply. The vast majority of power supplies have a little switch in the back (often red) that lets you switch between 110/120 (mine says 115v) and 220/240. You should be able to find the switch on the back of your computer right next to where the power cord goes. If you flip that switch to the voltage you want, you're all set. Best o' luck

    LG Electronics 42PC1D or Samsung PS42E7HD ??

    Q) Which TV is better in terms of Sound and Viewing quality and which would you recommend? --LG Electronics 42PC1D 42" HD Ready Black Plasma TV-- or --Samsung PS42E7HD 42" HD Ready iDTV Plasma--

    A) yep the samsung

    Consumer Electronics?

    Q) I need some info.I do not know much about electronics. Would like to get some help. What would you refer to a first time byer: Ipod Shuffle, MP3 or Ipod Nano. Midrange price with screen. Should hold at least 300-400 songs. Any advice will be much appreciated.

    A) shuffle holds lots of songs but no screen and you cant see what your playing. nano is probably best- lots of songs, screen, pics, games, etc. mp3's dont hold a lot of songs, though.

    What are the job prospects of Electronics & Communication Engineer from National Institute of Technology Kkr ?

    Q) I also want to know that Job prospects of a Electronics & Communication Engineer are better or worse than that of IT Engineer? I am in first year of B.Tech Electronics & Communication course in National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra which is among top 5 NIT`s.

    A) Let's just say you'll not be stuck on the dole. IT engineer = greater opportunities but less pay unless you're at the top of you're game.

    Buying games and electronics in singapore, rough guide or any tips?

    Q) Hey all, i'm going to singapore on my way home to oz. in feb. and i've heard that electronics are cheap there (singapore) so i'm looking at buying an xbox 360 while there. However i cant find anywhere on the net to giv me a rough guide on how much it would be. just wondering if any1 would know as i won't buy 1 if it is not that much cheaper than buying else where as it will take up quite a bit of luggage space. also if any1 has some tips for shopping in singapore that would be great. cheers.

    A) Watch out for import duty / VAT / local taxes on your purchases when you return.

    electronics?

    Q) um... i have a digital camera and an ipod... i have enough tvs in my house, but i really like electronics... i do not need a camcorder. but i dont know what i should get... please not over 250 dollars... and make it be cool... or u can say a movie that is really good that i should get or something cause i just need something to intertain my needs... lol thanx 10 pts to person with the most fun and creative thing they think i would like that is electronics yay thanx if u did not read... i GOT AN IPOD... lol oh yeah, i dont want a phone... got one my ipod is a nano but not the remastered one... i want a 5th generation ipod

    A) even though you already have an iPod trash it and get the nano remastered lol. The Breakfast Club Flashdance Girls Just Want to Have Fun get some videogames PS2 the new PS3 is comin out soon DO NOT GET T MOBILE IT SUCKS EGGS GET VERIZON ITS BETTER AND YOU CAN TALK TO OTHER VERIZON MEMBER FOR FREE AND THEY HAVE GOOD RECEPTION!

    Electronics?

    Q) I love technology, I currenyly an studying programming, but I also want to learn about computer hardware and electronics, is it possible that I could learn this through books? If so, what books?

    A) You could try looking at this book list: http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1441 I think a person can learn a lot from books but this type of learning is easier from some than others. Taking a course forces one to try to master some of the more tedious aspects of a subject. One can learn a lot even from the web. A good place to start... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics

    electronics?

    Q) are there any women in yahoo land that have gone to school for electronics of some kind and do you enjoy it

    A) I did, by accident..I kinda like this guy in College, he was an electronic major...I was pre-med...well..I had wanted to be close to him..so I sign up just for the heck of it...only 3 girls in the class...and I got an A and loved it...I graduated with honors and the best part I married him...double whammo!! I love it, I'm good at it...I'm the repair man where ever I go and visited...I gotta fix something...but I'm constantly still taking classes 'cuz you're never done! the best part is ..since I'm a female..I make as much money as a man does...

    Electronics?

    Q) what electronics come in pink?

    A) Cell phone, mp3 player

    Electronics?

    Q) I am currently studying Electronics and Computer technology at DeVry University, I was wondering if this career is a good one and of it pays well.

    A) As someone who is also studying the same thing, I can tell you that the pay is very good. If you can get in with the government the starting pay for a technician with a Bachelor's Degree can range from $40,000.00 a year up to $85,000.00+ a year depending on experience. At a local community college here in the Hampton Roads area they are looking for Computer/ Electronics Technicians with a Bachelor's Degree. They are willing to starting the person at around $80,000.00 a year. If you known how to solder, troubleshoot down to the component level, understand how the operating system works, and learn how to set up a network properly employers will be coming to you. Do yourself a huge favor and get your degree. It will pay off in the long run. Government; however, generally won't hire anyone with less than a GPA of 3.0. They prefer graduates to have at least a GPA of 3.5.

    Electronics?

    Q) What is the best type of TV to buy at 50"???

    A) I like DLP. Both the price and the picture quality have impressed me.

    electronics?

    Q) an electron tube containin three electrodesi is known as triode.in vacuum diode consists of two electrodes namely cathode and anode or plate. we have cloud of negatively charged electrons near the cathode called space charge. in triode i have extra electrode named grid and this grid eliminates space charge around cathode. how it happens? because grid is given negative voltage known as bias . if this bias is negative how the grid removes space charge which is also negative charge. my question is how triode removes the space charge? if it is by bias how it happen beause both bias and space charge is negative? folks please help

    A) Did u hear the term 'Thermoionic emission'? When a metal piece is kept in a vacuum and is heated to incandescence, the electrons escape away from the surface atoms and surround the metal object in a cloud of free electrons. This is called thermionic emission or Edison effect.This was discovered by Thomas Alva Edison.It was the basic of the electric bulb and diodes,triodes etc. In a common thermoionic tube cathode & anode are enclosed within an evacuated bulb and leads to the respective electrodes are brought out through the base of the bulb.Cathode is a hollow cylinder (usually) and is heated by a fine resistance wire within it.Electrons escape from cathode forming space charge and are attracted to the plate or anode. If the potential diff (pd) is small only a few escaped electrons reach the plate. Majority of electrons penetrate a small distance to the cloud of space charge and return to cathode.As plate potential increase more and more electrons are drawn to it.When further increase of pd doesn't increase plate current then this state is called saturated.BTW minimum energy required to escape electrons is called work potential.Now, in a diode emission occurs at cathode only so its flow is in a single direction, from cathode to anode.Usually circuit application of diode use this one-directional flow.eg. rectifier to convert a.c to d.c. Problem comes with the introduction of grid.Tht was some scientist called Lee(Sorry, I forgot the whole name) who innovated the electron flow by inserting a third electrode called grid between cathode and anode.It is usually open either screen or coil of naked wire. When grid is negative the resulting field increase the space charge near the cathode and decrease the electron flow through the grid to the plate. As grid is nearer to anode the current flow is effected by change in grid voltage and not anode voltage (plate voltage) like the earlier case of diode."A relatively small variation in voltage on the grid causes a large variation in anode current"(Yeah!This is a quotation of my Physics teacher).The saturation of space charge is reduced by repulsion effect. It can thus function as amplifier and called triode.This is very useful in signal processing.Mobile phone is an example using amplifier for speaker, radio transmission and signal processing.

    Electronics??

    Q) 1. Sources of Electricity? 2. Types of Electricity?

    A) Electricity sources: 1- Coal 2- Natural Gas 3-Petroleum 4-Geothermal Energy 5-Hydropower 6-Nuclear Energy 7-Biomass Energy 8-Wind Power 9-Solar Energy Electricity Types: 1-Static Electricity 2-Current Electricity notice that the sources of electricity are actually the sources of current electricity. static electricity have there own sources: 1-liquid flows through a pipe or hose, or through an opening in a pipe or hose 2-spraying or coating 3-blending or mixing 4-filling tanks, drums, cans or pails 5-dry powdered material passes through chutes or pneumatic conveyors 6-non-conductive conveyor belts or drive belts are moving

    electronics???

    Q) ok, i have sony camcorder that plays and rec on 8mm standerd tapes ( it is 12 years old)my camcorder recently broke down it will not play the tapes anymore...... so i bought another camcorder that is also a sony 8 mm digital. my question is ... is there a way i can transfer the old tapes to bigger tapes or some how fix the old camcorder her at home?... i cannot play standerd 8mm on digital 8mm..... or is there a way that i can? the new camera is a 280.... sony DCR-TRV280 uses 8 mm digital old camera sonyCCD-F201 8MM HI8

    A) Well, you could go to CVS, where they can convert your tapes onto a DVD, but other than that, I think you're out of luck. :\ ~Hunter

    electronics?

    Q) can you briefly explain to me the use of a resistor, transistor, transformer, capacitor, relay, multivibrator, LED, and such... because i have this project which is the clapswitch but i have no idea how this materials able to work the clapswitch. i've been researching but nothing is really retained in my mind esp. that i have zero-background about this things so please just tell me simply what's up with this things thanks in advance i searched in wikipedia already and i like i said...it's not too easy to understand. so, i need people that would help me that would tell me exactly nd simply what it is all about

    A) I suggest you start learning electronics by assembling a kit. The instructions not only detail construction but include the theory of how the circuiit operates. Check out the jameco link for a voice activated kit @ $10. You will need a small amount of tools: Soldering Iron Solder Needle nose Pliers Diagonal wire cutters Wire Strippers Screw driver These are the minimum I would recommend that you have access to when kit building. Jameco All Electronics Corp

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